Ground model (Water Overlay): Difference between revisions
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===Seepage=== | ===Seepage=== | ||
Water can also seep into the underground from deeper underground layers due to pressure from higher regions outside the project area. The speed at which the [[Underground_seepage formula (Water Overlay)|seepage]] occurs is dependent on the local ground water levels, the [[Seepage p prequel (Water Overlay)|head (pressure) of the higher regions]] and the [[Seepage | Water can also seep into the underground from deeper underground layers due to pressure from higher regions outside the project area. The speed at which the [[Underground_seepage formula (Water Overlay)|seepage]] occurs is dependent on the local ground water levels, the [[Seepage p prequel (Water Overlay)|head (pressure) of the higher regions]] and the [[Seepage resistance prequel (Water Overlay)|resistance of the layer]] separating the saturated zone of the freatic underground and deeper underground layer. | ||
Note that seepage can also be negative, allowing water to seep out of the project area to lower regions elsewhere. | Note that seepage can also be negative, allowing water to seep out of the project area to lower regions elsewhere. | ||
Revision as of 07:59, 28 September 2023
The Water Module also contains a simplified 2-layer underground model, for infiltration, evaporation and horizontal flow in the underground. Additionally, the model also applies a simplified form of exfiltration of water from the soil back onto the surface layer.
Groundwater modes
For the Water Module there exist three modes for handling groundwater:
- None
- Infiltration only (selected by default for the flooding and rainfall overlay)
- Complete (selected by default for the groundwater overlay)
Two Layered model
The assumption is made that underground is bound vertically by the surface of the terrain at the top and by an impenetrable layer at the bottom. The distance between the surface and the impenetrable layer, and thus the effective height of the underground, is equal to GROUND_BOTTOM_DISTANCE_M. In other words, the impenetrable underground layer is assumed to be a set distance below the surface. The distance is uniform across the entire project area, and thus the impenetrable follows the profile of the surface.
The fraction of water the underground can store per volume is defined with the WATER_STORAGE_PERCENTAGE attribute of the underground layer terrain.
The underground is composed of 2 layers: the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone. The saturated zone is the region of the underground where the soil is fully saturated with water. The unsaturated zone is the region of the underground located directly above the saturated zone. This region can also contain water, but the amount contained is always less than the maximum storage fraction. Water in the unsaturated zone is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire height of the zone.
The edge between the unsaturated and saturated zone is defined as the groundwater level, also known as the watertable.
The groundwater table is the height of the top of the saturated zone, relative to datum. The amount of water in the saturated zone is determined with the datum height of the groundwater table, the datum height of the surface, the GROUND_BOTTOM_DISTANCE_M and the underground terrain's WATER_STORAGE_PERCENTAGE.
Initialization
The underground water level is initialized with the values of the ground water prequel connected to the water model. If no ground water data is connected, the ground water level relative to datum is equal to the surface water level relative to datum, as defined by the WATER_LEVEL attribute of the water area in that location. If no water area exists there either, the groundwater level is set to one meter below the surface.
Vertical flow
Vertical underground water flow is modeled as infiltration.
Horizontal flow and aquifers
Underground flow is different from surface flow, since it has to account for the slowdown and porousness of the medium. In general, horizontal underground flow is calculated using formulas described in Harbaugh 2005[1][2]. Depending on the configuration of the Water Overlay , the flow can also be calculated using a KD values instead of K. However, when an aquifer is present, the horizontal aquifer flow variant is applied.
Seepage
Water can also seep into the underground from deeper underground layers due to pressure from higher regions outside the project area. The speed at which the seepage occurs is dependent on the local ground water levels, the head (pressure) of the higher regions and the resistance of the layer separating the saturated zone of the freatic underground and deeper underground layer.
Note that seepage can also be negative, allowing water to seep out of the project area to lower regions elsewhere.
Drainage
Drainages provide connections between the underground and nearby waterways, draining groundwater to levels which are optimal for agriculture. Drainage can be passive, where water drains based on water head differences, or active, where the water is pumped from the drain to the nearby waterway. Additionally, the datum height below ground and the overflow height in the waterway can be configured.
Notes
- The sewer is explicitly not part of the underground model, and is not affected by the GROUND_WATER attribute nor by the underground model directly.
Related
The following topics are related to this models.
- Formulas
- Groundwater level formula (Water Overlay)
- Underground flow formula (Water Overlay)
- Underground evaporation formula (Water Overlay)
- Surface infiltration formula (Water Overlay)
- Underground seepage formula (Water Overlay)
- Underground infiltration formula (Water Overlay)
- Models
- Surface model (Water Overlay)
- Evaporation model (Water Overlay)
- Infiltration model (Water Overlay)
- Tracer flow model (Water Overlay)
Videos
References
- ↑ Harbaugh, A.W., 2005, MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model-the Ground-Water Flow Process: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16, variously paginated.
- ↑ Langevin, C.D., Hughes, J.D., Banta, E.R., Niswonger, R.G., Panday, Sorab, and Provost, A.M. (2017) ∙ Documentation for the MODFLOW 6 Groundwater Flow Model: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap. A55 ∙ p 31 ∙ found at: https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A55 (last visited 2019-02-04)
- Models
- Surface • Ground • Rain • Evaporation • Infiltration • Elevation • Breach • Sewer • Storage • Tracer flow • Border • Order
- Model formulas
- Timestep • Season • Surface water level • Groundwater level
- Flow formulas
- Surface flow • Surface infiltration • Ground flow • Ground infiltration • Surface evaporation • Ground evaporation • Ground bottom flow
- Hydraulic structure formulas
- Culvert • Weir • Breach growth • Breach flow • Pump • Sewer Overflow • Inlet • Drainage
- Related