Evaporation model (Water Overlay)

Water can evaporate from the hydrological model over time. Multiple forms of evaporation are implemented, namely surface and underground evaporation.

Both forms of evaporation can be configured directly by setting the weather's evaporation rate. If the evaporation rate is set to 0, no evaporation will take place in any form.

The weather's evaporation rate is defined as a period during which a certain rate of evaporation will take place, similar to rainfall. Multiple periods of evaporation can be defined, and at any specific moment during the simulation an exact evaporation rate is defined by the weather.

For all forms of evaporation, the weather's evaporation rate is used as a base for determining the exact rate of evaporation for that form of evaporation.

Surface evaporation model

Water situated on the surface is able to evaporate. The amount is based on the weather's evaporation factor and the overlay's SURFACE_WATER_EVAPORATION_FACTOR. These two multiplied result in a evaporation amount per second, which is performed for each grid cell individually.
Zero evaporation is also allowed.

Underground evaporation model

Water can evaporate from the underground if the cell has either a construction which allows for underground evaporation, or a surface terrain type which allows for underground evaporation and is unobstructed by a construction. In other words: if a construction is present the construction's properties are used, otherwise the terrain's properties are used.

Conceptually, water can evaporate from the underground via crops and foliage. It can draw water from the unsaturated and saturated zones in the underground, if their roots reach deep enough and the terrain or construction have a positive evaporation factor. Water is drawn directly from the underground and evaporated into the air, effectively removing it from the hydrological model.

Evaporation can only take place if the roots of the terrain or construction can reach underground water. The depth the roots can reach is defined by either the construction's ROOT_DEPTH_M or the surface terrain's ROOT_DEPTH_M.

The underground evaporation can be configured directly by changing the terrain type's WATER_EVAPORATION_FACTOR and construction 's WATER_EVAPORATION_FACTOR. If these attributes are set to 0, no underground evaporation will take place.

Similar to the surface evaporation, the rate of underground evaporation is also determined by the weather's evaporation rate.

Again, the amount of evaporation per timestep is WATER_EVAPORATION_FACTOR x WEATHER_EVAPORATION_RATE.

Notes

• Underground evaporation will not take place when the Underground model is not active.

Water can be evaporated both from the saturated and the unsaturated zones of the underground. The amount of water that can be taken from the saturated and the unsaturated zones is limited by the amount of water in either zone in reach of the roots.
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