Water Model Limits: Difference between revisions

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The water model is based on this [[Water_Module_Theory|theory]].
The water model is based on this [[Water_Module_Theory|theory]]. __NOTOC__
The way this is calculated also has impact on practical use-cases. Below are 6 basics rules that need to be adhered to get a proper result.


The way this is calculated also has impact on practical use-cases. Below are some basics rules that need to be adhered to get a proper result.
=Surface Waterways=
[[File:Raster_badflow.png|thumb|Grid cell to big for proper flow in channel]]
Waterways are also calculated as 2D surface flow (not a 1D-line). This has several advantages, like interaction with the shoreline and creating detailed bathymetries. However is also requires a proper setup of the grid raster to get flow through the waterway.


= Surface Waterway Rules =
===1 The smallest waterway channel needs to be at least 8 cells wide===  
Waterways are also calculated as 2D surface flow (not a 1D-line). This has several advantages, like interaction with the shoreline and easy loading of geo-data but is also requires a proper setup of the grid and base data to get flow through waterways.
* This is because water must be able to flow from cell to cell especially also when the watery runs in a diagonal angle to the square grid cells.
* So for example a 4m wide waterway channel needs to have 4m/8m = ~0,5m grid cells.
* When this rule is not adhered the [[Surface_model_(Water_Overlay)|surface theory]] may lead to invalid water flow, causing no flow at all or a lower throughput (m3/s).
* It may also result in a double shoreline effect when two opposing shoreline are too close to each other and thus preventing proper reconstruction of the water level (see [[Surface_model_(Water_Overlay)|surface theory]]). Resulting in a minuscule impulse that leads to water buildup over time in stationary models (dutch "scheeftrekker" effect).
* Note: to flow water between buildings in dense urban areas the same rules apply.
* See the [[Grid Overlay]] page on how to change the grid cell size. When you have reached the smallest grid value (0,25m) you can also activate [[Increased_resolution_(Water_Overlay)|Increased DEM Resolution]] under advanced options, when activated only 4 cells are needed.<br style="clear:both">


[[File:Raster_badflow.png|thumb|Grid cell to big for proper flow]]
===2 For the best results the elevation model (DEM) needs to be of the same resolution===
[[File:Raster_baddepth.png|thumb|Elevation cell to big for waterway bathymetry]]
* For example when you have a 3m wide waterway channel and 0,5m grid cell, but the imported elevation model uses 10m cell accuracy all grid cells have the same (or interpolated height). Small elevation changes (like a waterway bathymetry) are lost in the average cell value.
* When this rule is not adhered the bathymetry becomes to shallow and water cannot flow properly. It can also result in overflow around shorelines because small levees are ignored.
* See the [[Advanced options (New Project Wizard)]] page on how to change the project DEM resolution when creating a new project and optionally uploading your own bathymetry DEM using the [[Geo Data tutorial]].
* Note: to improve waterway bathymetry the model automatically lowers cells inside a water polygon, by using the lowest value instead of average. This can improve results but can never compensate for a high resolution DEM. You can test this behavior via [[Min_max_elevation_(Water_Overlay)|Min/Max elevation]] under advanced options and comparing the [[Digital_Surface_Model_Overlay|original DEM Overlay]] with the water child result [[Surface_elevation_result_type_(Water_Overlay)|Surface Elevation]]{{clear}}


1 The smallest waterway width needs to be at least 6-8x the cell width. So for example a 3m wide waterway channel (shoreline exclusive) needs to have 3/6 (or even 3/8) = ~0,4m grid cells.
= Impulse & Depth =
* This is because water must be able to flow from cell to cell especially also when the watery runs in a 45 degree angle to the square grid cells.
The calculation model is based on typical use cases and is therefor limited to the min/max values variables may take. Allow even larger min/max values is possible but has a drastic impact on performance and memory usage. When you do have a use-case that required different limits please let us know.
* When this rule is not adhered the [[Surface_model_(Water_Overlay)|surface theory]] does not work and a buildup or to lees water can occur.<br style="clear:both">


2 When working with small grid cells (e.g. 0,5m cell width) the underlying elevation model (DEM) also needs to have this resolution.
===3 Water Depth===
* For example when you have a 3m wide waterway channel and 0,5m grid cell, but the elevation model uses 10m cell accuracy all grid cells have the same (or interpolated height) and in case the waterway channel the bathymetry is averaged out.
* Water depth (distance between bathymetry and water datum) is limited to max 100m. The water depth (h) is an important variable in the [[Surface_model_(Water_Overlay)|surface theory]] and having larger values increases the UV vector out of its accuracy and making the simulation unstable.
* When this rule is not adhered the bathymetry becomes to shallow and water cannot flow properly. It can also result in overflow around shorelines because small levees are ignored.<br style="clear:both">
* Water depth also has a minimal value of 0,5 millimeter, a water depth less then 0,5 millimeter is ignored for the surface flow but is still counted in the overall water balance.


= Impulse & Depth Rules =
===4 Water Speed===
The calculation model is based on typical use cases and is therefor limited to the min/max values variables may take. Allow even larger min/max values is possible but has a drastic impact on performance and memory usage.
* Water speed (m/s) is also limited to a maximum of 10m/s or 36kmph which is faster then a fast flowing river in mountainous terrain.


1 Water depth (distance between bathymetry and water datum) is limited to max 100m. The water depth (h) is an important variable in the [[Surface_model_(Water_Overlay)|surface theory]] and having larger values increases the UV vector out of its accuracy and making the simulation unstable.
= Breaches & Hydraulic structures =
Breaches and hydraulic structures are 1D objects that connect to the 2D grid.


2 Water speed (m/s) is also limited to a maximum of 10m/s or 36kmph which is faster then a high speed river in mountainous terrain.
===5 Breach growth===
 
* A breach that [[Breach_growth_formula_(Water_Overlay)|grows]] over time to 100m width also needs a breach area of at least 100m width. As the breach grows more 2D cells are used to flush the water from the 1D object onto the 2D grid. For proper flow the grid cells also need to be small enough, e.g. a breach of 20m width on a 100m grid cell cannot create stable breach growth. Typically at least 10 cells are needed for a breach thus 100m width needs at least 10m cell width.
3 Water depth also has a minimal value of 0,5 millimeter, a water depth less then 0,5 millimeter is ignored for the surface flow but is still counted in the overall water balance.
 
= Breaches and Weirs =
Breaches and weirs are 1D objects that connect to the 2D grid
 
1 A breach that [[Breach_growth_formula_(Water_Overlay)|grows]] over time to 100m width also needs a breach area of at least 100m width. As the breach grows more 2D cells are used to flush the water from the 1D object onto the 2D grid. For proper flow the grid cells also need to be small enough, e.g. a breach of 20m width on a 100m grid cell cannot create stable breach growth. Typically at least 10 cells are needed for a breach thus 100m width needs at least 10m cell width.
* This may result in less flow through the weir or shock-waves as the breach increases in large steps.
* This may result in less flow through the weir or shock-waves as the breach increases in large steps.


2 Same as the breach a Weir or inlet can also flush the water on multiple cells, thus rule 1 must be adhered too. Furthermore a 100m wide Weir must also be in a waterway channel of at least 100m wide.
===6 Weir width===
* Same as the breach a Weir or inlet can also flush the water on multiple cells, thus rule 1 must be adhered too. Furthermore a 100m wide Weir must also be in a waterway channel of at least 100m wide.
* Creating a Weir that is 100m wide on a 3m wide channel may cause water to flow over the shorelines or no flow at all due to DEM averaging (shoreline + bathymetry).
* Creating a Weir that is 100m wide on a 3m wide channel may cause water to flow over the shorelines or no flow at all due to DEM averaging (shoreline + bathymetry).

Latest revision as of 14:06, 28 October 2024

The water model is based on this theory. The way this is calculated also has impact on practical use-cases. Below are 6 basics rules that need to be adhered to get a proper result.

Surface Waterways

Grid cell to big for proper flow in channel

Waterways are also calculated as 2D surface flow (not a 1D-line). This has several advantages, like interaction with the shoreline and creating detailed bathymetries. However is also requires a proper setup of the grid raster to get flow through the waterway.

1 The smallest waterway channel needs to be at least 8 cells wide

  • This is because water must be able to flow from cell to cell especially also when the watery runs in a diagonal angle to the square grid cells.
  • So for example a 4m wide waterway channel needs to have 4m/8m = ~0,5m grid cells.
  • When this rule is not adhered the surface theory may lead to invalid water flow, causing no flow at all or a lower throughput (m3/s).
  • It may also result in a double shoreline effect when two opposing shoreline are too close to each other and thus preventing proper reconstruction of the water level (see surface theory). Resulting in a minuscule impulse that leads to water buildup over time in stationary models (dutch "scheeftrekker" effect).
  • Note: to flow water between buildings in dense urban areas the same rules apply.
  • See the Grid Overlay page on how to change the grid cell size. When you have reached the smallest grid value (0,25m) you can also activate Increased DEM Resolution under advanced options, when activated only 4 cells are needed.

2 For the best results the elevation model (DEM) needs to be of the same resolution

Elevation cell to big for waterway bathymetry
  • For example when you have a 3m wide waterway channel and 0,5m grid cell, but the imported elevation model uses 10m cell accuracy all grid cells have the same (or interpolated height). Small elevation changes (like a waterway bathymetry) are lost in the average cell value.
  • When this rule is not adhered the bathymetry becomes to shallow and water cannot flow properly. It can also result in overflow around shorelines because small levees are ignored.
  • See the Advanced options (New Project Wizard) page on how to change the project DEM resolution when creating a new project and optionally uploading your own bathymetry DEM using the Geo Data tutorial.
  • Note: to improve waterway bathymetry the model automatically lowers cells inside a water polygon, by using the lowest value instead of average. This can improve results but can never compensate for a high resolution DEM. You can test this behavior via Min/Max elevation under advanced options and comparing the original DEM Overlay with the water child result Surface Elevation

Impulse & Depth

The calculation model is based on typical use cases and is therefor limited to the min/max values variables may take. Allow even larger min/max values is possible but has a drastic impact on performance and memory usage. When you do have a use-case that required different limits please let us know.

3 Water Depth

  • Water depth (distance between bathymetry and water datum) is limited to max 100m. The water depth (h) is an important variable in the surface theory and having larger values increases the UV vector out of its accuracy and making the simulation unstable.
  • Water depth also has a minimal value of 0,5 millimeter, a water depth less then 0,5 millimeter is ignored for the surface flow but is still counted in the overall water balance.

4 Water Speed

  • Water speed (m/s) is also limited to a maximum of 10m/s or 36kmph which is faster then a fast flowing river in mountainous terrain.

Breaches & Hydraulic structures

Breaches and hydraulic structures are 1D objects that connect to the 2D grid.

5 Breach growth

  • A breach that grows over time to 100m width also needs a breach area of at least 100m width. As the breach grows more 2D cells are used to flush the water from the 1D object onto the 2D grid. For proper flow the grid cells also need to be small enough, e.g. a breach of 20m width on a 100m grid cell cannot create stable breach growth. Typically at least 10 cells are needed for a breach thus 100m width needs at least 10m cell width.
  • This may result in less flow through the weir or shock-waves as the breach increases in large steps.

6 Weir width

  • Same as the breach a Weir or inlet can also flush the water on multiple cells, thus rule 1 must be adhered too. Furthermore a 100m wide Weir must also be in a waterway channel of at least 100m wide.
  • Creating a Weir that is 100m wide on a 3m wide channel may cause water to flow over the shorelines or no flow at all due to DEM averaging (shoreline + bathymetry).
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